The Motivation Behind Renewable Energy Development Environmental Sciences Essay

The Motivation Behind Renewable Energy Development Environmental Sciences Essay The demand on electrical energy has been significantly increase due to the technological and economical developments over the world. In the Past 30 years, the global economy has increased by 3.3% yearly. In the same period, the electrical energy demand grew by 3.6%. In 2007, the electrical energy production of the world was 16,429TWh. It is predicted that the world consumption will be 28,930 TWh in 2030. Thus, thousands of new power plants must be built to cope with the required electricity demand. [1] Non-renewable energy source such as; coal, natural gas, and oil is efficient energy sources due to the ability of produce large amounts of  electricity with small amounts. They have been the conventional energy source until now. However, they have many drawbacks such as; the limitation in supply and the concentration of reserves in a few countries; in this manner raising energy security concerns. Moreover, the major source of pollution is a fossil fuel. It estimated that the Power stations account for 32% of NOx and 72% of SO, emissions, which cause environmental issues such as climate change and lead to global warming [2] . In addition, according to [4], In 2005, the total of greenhouse gases emissions [EEA] was 5177 Mt CO2 equivalent comprising: 82.5% CO2,8.1% CH4, 8% N2O and 1.4% fluorinated gases. Energy related emissions continue to be dominant, representing approximately 80% of total emissions, particularly in production and transport of energy (Fig. 1.1). [4] Figure 1.1: Structure of total greenhouse gas emissions Source of image: [4] Thus, governments are considering the ample use of renewable energy sources, as a result of the security of the energy supply and the growth of the global environmental issues. For instants, the UK government goals are to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide to 20% below 1990 levels by2010 and to put the UK on path to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 60% compared to 2000 levels, by 2050 with real progress by 2020[3]. Such goals cannot be achieved without a deployment of alternative energy sources. Thus, many studies on electrical energy production with renewable have carried out in order to substituted the conventional energy source by renewable energy source 1.2 Renewable Energy sources: The practical definition of renewable energy is a flow of energy, that is not exhausted by being used[5]. The renewable energy sources like wind, hydroelectric, biomass, solar , tidal waves and geothermal and solar are clean and in large quantities Available in nature. Moreover, they also have the advantage of having low or no emissions of carbons and that means they are environmentally friendly. In addition, renewable resources can be categorized into two main categories: dispatchable and non-dispatchable. Wind, solar and tidal waves are classified as non-dispatchable resources. On the other hand, hydroelectric, biomass and geothermal are classified dispatchable resources. The difference between them is how electric power can be control. Generally, the dispatchable resources have the energy stored and ready at any time to produce power, whereas, the non dispatchable resources naturally uncontrolled input energy which cannot stored be used when needed later. The main drawback of usin g renewable resources such as wind and solar is their ability to produce power on demand. Moreover, these renewable resources are more variable than fossil fuel plants. Moreover, the uncontrollable input of wind and solar energy is the main causes of the changeability in power output[6]. However, among these energies, wind energy production has rapidly increased in the total electricity production in the last decade as shown in figure (1.2). Figure 1.2: global wind power capacity (GW) Source of image: REN21 Renewable 2007 Global Report, WWW.ren21.net This increasing is encouraged by Kyoto Protocol and supported by European Union (EU) Government such as Germany, Denmark and Spain[7]. According to [8], it is predict that the wind farms will contribute by 12% of total electricity generated in 2020. 1.3 Wind Energy: It has been reported that the wind power were used to pump water for irrigating crops in the seventeenth century B.C by The Babylonians. In addition a uncomplicated horizontal axis wind turbine was described in the third century B.C by Hero of Alexandria, Moreover, The earliest recorded English wind turbine is dated at 1191[9] . However, When the sun heats an earth land, the surrounding air temperature affected by this heating and as a result the wind is caused. According to freris, the world needed of electricity can be met, if 10% of raw wind utilized. Many factor has an effect on wind intensity, such as; altitude, wind speed and location. However, open area, mountain, oceans and specific hill have a good wind a viability trend. In addition, the wind energy can be converted into electrical or mechanical energy is by using wind turbines, which will be discussed next. 1.4 Wind Turbine: The most efficient way to convert wind energy into electrical or mechanical energy is offered by wind turbines that operate as a lifting-device [10] .Generally, wind turbines come in two types, which depend on the direction of their rotational axis. Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT): have a parallel rotational axis to the direction of the wind and capture kinetic wind energy with a propeller type rotor. in addition, three bladed concept Danish is usually used in this type but there is two bladed design which contribute in the reduction of cost and weight of the turbine. Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT): have a perpendicular rotational axis to the wind stream and use straight or curved bladed (Darrieus type) rotors in order to capture wind from any direction. Figure (1.3) shows wind turbine configration of the both types. It is clear that they are composed of a generator, a gearbox and a tower. Moreover, the both types have the same ideal efficiency, however, the (VAWT) type is more common [10]. Figure 1.3: wind turbine configration Source of image: The encyclopaedia of alternative energy and sustainable living When the wind passing throws the swept area of the blades, it turns and as a result, the shift turns. The rotational energy converted into electrical energy by the generator which produce alternative current (AC). A transformer is used to ensure that the voltage suitable for the distribution system of a grid. The size of wind turbine is the most important factor of the amount of the produced energy . The typical wind turbine size was less than 100 kW, In the early and mid-1980s. Nowadays, capacities up to 3.5 MW turbines are available[11]. Moreover, usually wind turbines is a grouped in the same location to form wind farm. 1.5 wind farms: THE FIRST application of wind power generation of electricity was by the Danes in 1890 [12]. Since that , the development in the wind technology has led to introduce a large on shore wind farm. However, a lack of the suitable onshore sites has an effect on this development and is considered as the main motivation behind the implementation of off shore wind farm. Moreover, the offshore option is based on the higher and constant of the wind speeds which is the main advantage compared to the onshore sits . Figure (1.4) shows that by 2030, the main gain of wind energy is going to be from offshore in Germany[13]. Figure (1.4): the predicted scheme of the capacity of the wind power installed in Germany until 2030 Source of image: [13] In these conditions one of the most important questions is the transmission concern, i.e. the link of the offshore wind farms to a grid. Generally, wind farm can be connected to AC grid via a high voltage alternative current (HVAC) or a high voltage direct current (HVDC) connection. However, for distance at least 50km far from the AC network[16], many technical problem such as charging current and reduction in the transmitted power make the deployment of HVDC in power transmission for long distance more efficient than HVAC [14] Furthermore, HVDC connection have two main technologies, voltage soured converter (VSC) using IGBTs and line commutated converter (LCC) [15] in addition ,New types of generators (asynchronous generators, doubly fed induction generators and fully converted synchronous generators) are going to be used and, therewith, replace the classical turbo and salient pole generators[13]. These generators are have an effect on the power system stability. Moreover , their co ntrol is different from the former generator. However, the HVDC link and the generator types and its control will be discussed in details in the next chapter. 1.6 the motivation and the plan of this project : It seems to be that a large offshore wind farm is the best solution for meeting governments renewable energy targets. However, the coordination of the HVDC link and the wind farm a has attracted a lot of attention in the last few years. The aims of this project is to design a HVDC link and a wind farm by using MATLAB simulink software . Due to the complexity of modeling the HVDC link and a wind farm by using complete models of the switching devices, a non switching model of HVDC link using a pharos solution will be considered. This will be done in five stages. In the first stage, the HVDC link with suitable control at wind farm said will be constructed and demonstrated . in the second stage, the HVDC link with suitable control at grid said will be constructed and demonstrated . the both HVDC link in pervious stages will be combining and their action will be demonstrated in the third stage. in the fourth stage, the complete HVDC link will be attached to a phasor model of wind farm in order to demonstrate the operation of the system under different circumstances . in the last stage, a CIGRE 12 bus bench mark model will be constructed in order to demonstrate the system operation under both normal and fault conditions.

Ap Bio Chapter 7

Name Period Chapter 7: Membrane Structure and Function Concept 7. 1 Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins 1. The large molecules of all living things fall into just four main classes. Name them. Explain what is meant when we say a molecule is amphipathic. 3. In the 1960s, the Davson-Danielli model of membrane structure was widely accepted. Describe this model and then cite two lines of evidence that were inconsistent with it. 4. Who proposed the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure? When? Describe this model. 5. What is meant by membrane fluidity? Describe the movements seen in the fluid membrane. 6. Describe how each of the following can affect membrane fluidity: decreasing temperature phospholipids with unsaturated hydrocarbon chains cholesterol 7. Membrane proteins are the mosaic part of the model. Describe each of the two main categories: integral proteins peripheral proteins 8. Use Figure 7. 9 to briefly describe major functions of membrane proteins. Function Description Transport Enzymatic activity Signal transduction Cell-cell recognition Intercellular joining Attachment to cytoskeleton and ECM 9. Membrane carbohydrates are important in cell-cell recognition. What are two examples of this? Distinguish between glycolipids and glycoproteins. Label the following structures: glycolipid, glycoprotein, integral protein, peripheral protein, cholesterol, phospholipid, ECM fibers, cytoskeleton microfilaments, integrins (go back to Chapter 6) Concept 7. 2 Membrane structure results in selective permeability Distinguish between channel proteins and carrier proteins. Are transport proteins specific? Cite an example that supports your response. 14. Peter Agre received the Nobel Prize in 2003 for the discovery of aquaporins. What are they? 15. Consider the following materials that must cross the membrane. For each, tell how it is accomplished. |Material |Method | |CO2 | | |Glucose | |H+ | | |O2 | | |H2O | | Concept 7. 3 Passive transport is diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy investment 16. Define the following terms: diffusion concentration gradient passive transport osmosis isotonic hypertonic hypotonic turgid laccid plasmolysis 17. Use as many words from the list above to describe why a carrot left on the counter overnight would become limp. Underline each word you use. What is facilitated diffusion? Is it active or passive? Cite two examples. Label the hypotonic solution, isotonic solution, and hypertonic solution. What is indicated by the blue arrows? Label them. Which cell is lysed? Turgid? Flaccid? Plasmolyzed? Apply all these labels. Why doesn’ t the plant cell burst? Concept 7. 4 Active transport uses energy to move solutes against their gradients 21. Describe active transport. What type of transport proteins are involved, and what is the role of ATP in the process? The sodium-potassium pump is an important system for you to know. Use the following diagram to understand how it works. Use the following terms to label these figures, and briefly summarize what is occurring in each figure: extracellular fluid, cytoplasm, Na+, K+, ATP, ADP, P, transport protein. On the diagram below, add these labels: facilitated diffusion with a carrier protein, facilitated diffusion with a channel protein, active transport with a carrier protein, simple diffusion. For each type of transport, give an example of a material that is moved in this manner. What is membrane potential? Which side of the membrane is positive? What are the two forces that drive the diffusion of ions across the membrane? What is the combination of these forces called? 26. What is cotransport? Explain how understanding it is used in our treatment of diarrhea. Concept 7. 5 Bulk transport across the plasma membrane occurs by exocytosis and endocytosis 27. Define each of the following, and give a specific cellular example. ndocytosis phagocytosis pinocytosis exocytosis receptor-mediated endocytosis 28. What is a ligand? What do ligands have to do with receptor-mediated endocytosis? 29. Are the processes you described in question 23 active or passive transport? Explain your response. Testing Your Knowledge: Self-Quiz Answers Now you should be ready to test your knowledge. Place your answers here: 1. _______ 2. _______ 3. _______ 4. _______ 5. _______ Reproduce the diagram for question 6, and draw arrows as instructed. 6b. ______ 6c. ______ 6d. ______ 6e. ______

Coach †The Leading Consumer-centric Corporation Essay

Abstract Fashion trends are sensitive, and customers are unpredictable. It makes fashion industry become a highly competitive market. To survive and thrive, fashion companies need distinctive strategies. It seems aspiring but not many firms can achieve. As an exception, Coach proves its success in this challenge by not walking through the same way as others rivals (e.g. Gucci, Louis Vuitton, Prada, and Hermes) have done. Coach has created a customer-focused model and a result-driven strategy to lead its business to overcome crisis and expand market. Even though there still have many challenges in the fashion sector, Coach’s strategy seems to be sustainable. Coach – The Leading Consumer-centric Corporation Coach was a family-run company founded by Miles Cahn in 1941 in New York (Coach, 2012). Coach was famous for traditional crafted leather goods, but keeping the classic styles drove it to dramatically lose market share. Based on the excellent management of Chairman Lew Frankfort, Coach shifted from a conventional leather division of Sarah Lee Corp. to a fashion-oriented brand name and a customer-centric corporation (Boorstin, 2002). Coach has thrived not only in North America but also in Japan, China and other countries (Coach, 2012 & Tsukahara, 2011). Therefore, Coach’s strategy is sustainable. Successful Management in Turbulent Economic Conditions The secret formula for Coach’s success simply comprises two components. First, it is the perfect collaboration between Lew Frankfort (Chairman and CEO) and Reed Krakoff (President and Executive Creative Director). Since Frankfort took his office, he implemented several typical reforms: created customer database to examine consumer behavior, built multichannel distribution system (retail stores, factory outlets, boutiques, and online store), and hired Reed Krakoff to refresh Coach’s product design (Slywotzky, 2007). Krakoff made a revolution in Coach conventional product lines by using new materials, shapes, styles, and colors to attract more customers but not abandon its loyal fans (Slywotzky, 2007). Second, consumer-focused strategy makes Coach stand out. Based on customer information that is collected through various angles, Coach can sooner identify problems and quickly adjust. In a nutshell, Coach’s success derives from a blend of â€Å"understanding the consumer, being results-driven and at the same time anticipating when fashion is happening† (Karimzadeh, 2004). What Makes Coach Different From its Competitors? Coach chooses to operate in its own way. First is â€Å"selling luxury for the mass† (Gogoi, 2005). Coach sets product prices 50% lower than Gucci or Louis Vuitton to attract cost-conscious customers (Takahara, 2008). Coach’s numerous product lines satisfy diverse market segments based on ages, regions, and cultures. However, product quality must be maintained to be considered as luxury goods (Slywotzky, 2007). Second is the customer-driven operating model. Coach spends around five million U.S. dollars annually on market research to collect customer information through private interviews, telephone surveys, competitive analysis, and in-store product tests (Slywotzky, 2007). By putting customers into operating process from input (what customers desire) to output (product testing), Coach can modify its products to satisfy customers’ requirement or increase production of favorite products (Slywotzky, 2007). For example, Japanese customers usually commute to work, so they prefer small bags (Tsukahara, 2011). Moreover, database shows that customer usually visits store every month so Coach launches its new products monthly to attract customers and give them more new choices (Slywotzky, 2007 & Tsukahara, 2011). Third is the tight management. The executives check sales operation of each store daily and frequently review each business unit as well as the total business planning (Boorstin, 2002). Lew Frankfort even visits stores a few times a week to check their operations and directly evaluate customer responses (Slywotzky, 2007). Fourth, Coach has a flexible production process by using 100% outsourcing in 16 countries around the world (e.g. Vietnam and China), which neither Gucci nor Louis Vuitton is interested in (Karimzadeh, 2004 & Tsukahara, 2011). This also helps Coach cut off fixed costs, and reduce time consuming from production to sales operation. Fifth, Coach has a huge multichannel distribution system: 500 stores in U.S and Canada, 300 direct-operated stores in Japan, China, Singapore and the like, a set of boutiques in particular department stores and an online website coach.com (Coach, 2012). This provides more opportunities for Coach to expand business globally. Coach Strategy is Sustainable In this highly competitive market, Coach has its own weapon to be considered sustainable: understanding customers and building a solid business structure. With a huge database of 9.7 million families from different viewpoints (Slywotzky, 2007), Coach knows how to make its products fit with customer demands or even how to set reasonable prices. For example, a survey before launching the New Hamptons Lap Satchel revealed that customers were willing to pay 328$ for this product, which was 30$ higher than prediction, then Coach immediately reprinted the price tags and sales augmented (Slywotzky, 2007). Moreover, with the close management as described above, Coach runs its operation sensibly by focusing on any detailed changes in sales and customer behaviors. Besides, Coach has a diversified product category (handbag, wallet, suitcase, accessories, perfume, and clothes) with various designs and an enormous distribution channel to help Coach approach many different market segments. In an interview with Fox Business in 2011, Frankfort was confident that Coach’s strategy was sustainable in that turbulent time, he only concerned about the macro economy: the slowly irregular economic recovery might affect consumer confidence in purchasing decision. Conclusion To gain market share, Coach chooses a unique way to operate: Coach’s customer-centric model, together with the perfect combination of logic (represented by Lew Frankfort) and magic (symbolized by Reed Krakoff), help Coach thrive in such a very competitive fashion industry. Even though there might be many forthcoming challenges, Coach’s strategy is sustainable because understanding customers helps Coach identify risks sooner and respond faster. References Boorstin, J. (2002, October 28). How Coach got hot The maker of the indestructible purse finally considers style. CNNMoney. Retrieved on Oct. 25, 2012 from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?sid=2f9ec3fa-9541-4044-87e1-2ddd37107d03%40sessionmgr112&vid=1&hid=127&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=bth&AN=7567234. Coach (2012). Coach financial tear sheet. Retrieved on Oct. 25, 2012 from http://phx.corporate-ir.net/Tearsheet.ashx?c=122587. Gogoi, P. (2005, November 28). Selling luxury for the masses. Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved on Oct. 25, 2012 from http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2005-11-28/selling-luxury-to-the-masses. Glick, A. (Interviewer) & Frankfort, L. (Interviewee) (2011). Coach evolving its base with poppy. Retrieved on Oct. 25, 2012 from http://video.foxbusiness.com/v/3951579/coach-evolving-its-base-with-poppy/. Karimzadeh, M. (2004, March 1). Riding Coach’s express: No signs of slowdown as luxe brand zooms. Women’s Wear Daily. Retrieved from http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/riding-coach-8217-s-express-no-signs-of-slowdown-as-luxe-brand-zooms-695558?full=true. Takahara, K. (2008, September 12). Coach builds brand of affordable luxury goods. The Japan Time Online. Retrieved on Oct. 25, 2012 from http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nb20080912a3.html. Tsukahara, M. (2011, November 26). A study of brand/ Coach keeps on riding high. The Daily Yomiuri. Retrieved on Oct. 25, 2012 from http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/business/T111121007083.htm. Slywotzky, A. J. (2007). The upside of strategic risk. In Oliver Wyman Journal. Retrieved on Oct. 25, 2012 from http://www.oliverwyman.com/pdf_files/OWJ-UpsideofStratRisk.pdf.

Characteristics Of Male Female Total P Value - 1591 Words

Results: Table 1: Socio demographic information Characteristics Male Female Total P value n= 46 n= 186 N= 232 Age (Mean  ± SD) 32.04  ± 7.3 31.17  ± 6.9 31.30  ± 7.0 20-24 years 3 (6.5) 21 (11.3) 24 (10.3) .874 25-29 years 18 (39.1) 71 (38.2) 89 (38.4) 30-34 years 10 (21.7) 33 (17.7) 43 (18.5) 35-39 years 8 (17.4) 35 (18.8) 43 (18.5) 40 years and above 7 (15.2) 26 (14.0) 33 (14.2) Religion Islam 42 (91.3) 182 (97.8) 224 (96.6) .029 Hindu 4 (8.7) 4 (2.2) 8 (3.4) Education No formal education 7 (15.2) 60 (32.3) 67 (28.9) .050 Up to primary level (1-5) 21 (45.7) 81 (43.5) 102 (44.0) Up to secondary level (6-10) 18 (39.1) 43 (23.1) 61 (26.3) Above secondary level 0 (0.0) 2 (1.1) 2 (0.9) Marital status†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Marital status† associated with DOM2, DOM3 and DOM4. â€Å"Age† was associated with two domains (DOM1 and DOM4) of WHOQOL. â€Å"Total job duration† associated with DOM3. Variables that were considered for regression: Age, Education, Marital status, Total job duration/experience, Total monthly personal income, BMI. Discussion: Most of the respondents (n= 128; 53.9%) rated their overall quality of life as very good and good. 40.1% (n=93) reported ‘Neither poor nor good’ overall HRQOL. Whereas, a small percentage had ‘Poor’ (n=8, 3.4%) and ‘Very poor’ (n=6, 2.6%) HRQOL. Major respondents 75.4% (n=175) were satisfied with their health. This finding is consistentShow MoreRelatedBivariate Application And Interpretation Assignment755 Words   |  4 Pagesthe following questions using your newfound knowledge about applying bivariate statistics and their p values to published results. Make sure you answer all parts of the question to get full credit. Empirical evidence includes descriptive statistics such as a percentages or a mean, or bivariate statistics such as a correlation coefficient. 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